© 2015 American Society for Engineering Education. The authors recommend further study with a larger number of subjects with a wider range of vocabulary samples and a more powerful computer capable of more quickly identifying the trigger image. Nonetheless, these findings should provide useful insights toward the successful application of AR in the educational realm. It must be stressed that this study is a pilot with too low number of subjects from which to make any binding generalizations. These factors seemed most determinative in compromising AR's effectiveness as a tool to increase student motivation toward English vocabulary learning. It seems this delay decreased subjects' satisfaction and distracted their attention from the learning task. Lastly, technical issues delayed the computer quickly identifying the triggering image and thus resulted in a noticeable lack of system responsiveness.

Secondly, subjects' confidence seemed to have been negatively influenced due to their difficulty in achieving the stated learning objectives. First, predefined AR materials failed to establish relevance to subjects' personal interests and previous experiences. An interpretation of our observations in the context of the ARCS model suggests three motivational issues. Participants indicated that though they were attracted by this tool at the beginning, their motivation level decreased toward the end of the study. A semi-structured interview with open-ended questions was used to collect data. To assess student motivation, the ARCS motivational model was adopted. To address this gap in the literature, we used a combination of convenience sampling and criterion sampling to select five Chinese college students to evaluate an English vocabulary learning application built upon augmented reality technology. Few, however, have investigated how AR might influence students' motivation toward the learning of a second language.

With the advent and accelerated development of augmented reality (AR), an increasing number of studies have been conducted to test the effectiveness of this technique in education.

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